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| P & D
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Pickup and delivery.
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| P2P
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Please refer Path to Profitability.
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| Packing List
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A document containing information about the location of each Product ID in each package. It allows the recipient to quickly find the item he or she is looking for without a broad search of all packages. It also confirms the actual shipment of goods on a line item basis.
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| Pallet
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A portable platform designed to allow a forklift or pallet jack to lift, move, and store various loads. Most pallets are made from wood , but pallets are also made from plastic, steel, and even paper-based materials. Spec'ing a wood pallet involves identifying wood type (hardwood or softwood), overrall pallet size, number and size and spacing of stringers, whether stringers are to be notched for 4-way use, number and size and spacing of deckboards, number and size and spacing of bottom boards, whether deck boards and bottom boards are attached flush with outside stringers or overhang outside stringers. Other options include using a solid deck (rather than separate deck boards), chamfering the deck boards, using treated wood (for international shipments). 2-way pallets allow entry by a forklift from the front or back of the pallet, 4-way pallets have the stringers notched (or use a blocking system instead of stringers) so a forklift can also enter the pallet from either side. The most common sized pallet is the gma (grocery manufacturer's association) pallet, also called a grocery pallet. It is a 4-way pallet that is 40 inches wide, by 48 inches deep, by 5 inches in height and has the deck boards and bottom boards mounted flush with with the outside stringers. Also see skid.
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| Pallet
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The platform which cartons are stacked on and then used for shipment or movement as a group. Pallets may be made of wood or composite materials.
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| Pallet inverter
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A type of stationary equipment used to transfer product between different types of pallets such as transferring from wood to plastic pallets, or from pallets to slipsheets. A load on a pallet is placed in the pallet inverter and the entire load is rotated 180 degrees allowing you to remove the original pallet and replace it with another.
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| Pallet Wrapping Machine
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A machine that wraps a pallet's contents in stretch-wrap to ensure safe shipment.
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| Paperless
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When referring to processing in the warehouse (paperless picking, paperless receiving) or on the shop floor, paperless generally suggests that the direction of tasks and execution of transactions are conducted electronically without the use of paper documents. This is usually accomplished through the use of fixed or portable computers, bar code scanners, rfid readers, light-signaling technology (pick-to-light), or voice technology. Or maybe it just means you ran out of paper.
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| Paper-roll clamp
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Designed specifically for the handling of large paper rolls, the paper roll clamp is a lift truck attachment that clamps around the roll and also allows for a full 360 degree rotation.
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| Parcel Shipment
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Parcels include small packages like those typically handled by providers such as UPS and FedEx.
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| Pareto
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A means of sorting data. For example, the number of quality faults by frequency of occurrence. An analysis that compares cumulative percentages of the rank ordering of costs, cost drivers, profits, or other attributes to determine whether a minority of elements have a disproportionate impact. Another example identifying that 20% of a set of independent variables is responsible for 80% of the effect. Also see 80/20 Rule.
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| Part Standardization
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A program for planned elimination of superficial, accidental, and deliberate differences between similar parts in the interest of reducing part and supplier proliferation. A typical goal of part standardization is to reduce costs by reducing the number of parts that the company needs to manage.
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| Particular Average
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Please refer Marine Cargo Insurance.
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| Passenger-Mile
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A measure of output for passenger transportation that reflects the number of passengers transported and the distance traveled; a multiplication of passengers hauled and distance traveled.
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| Password
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A private code required to gain access to a computer, an application program, or service.
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| Path to Profitability (P2P)
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The step-by-step model to generate earnings.
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| Pay on Use
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Pay on use is a process where payment is initiated by product consumption, i.e., consignment stock based on withdrawal of product from inventory, This process is popular with many European companies.
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| Payment
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The transfer of money, or other agreed upon medium, for provision of goods or services.
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| Payment Collection
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Obtaining money, or other agreed upon medium, for provision of goods or services.
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| Payroll
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Total of all fully-burdened labor costs, including wages, fringe, benefits, overtime, bonus, and profit sharing.
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| PBIT
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Please refer Profit Before Interest and Tax.
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| PDCA
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Please refer Plan-Do-Check-Action.
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| Peak Demand
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The time period during which customers demand the greatest quantity.
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| Peer to Peer (P2P)
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A computer-networking environment which allows individual computers to share resources and data without passing through an intermediate network server.
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| Pegging
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A technique in which a DRP system traces demand for a product by date, quantity, and warehouse location.
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| Per Diem
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A payment rate one railroad makes to use another's cars.
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| Perfect Order
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The definition of a perfect order is one which meets all of the following criteria
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| Performance and Event Management Systems
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The systems that report on the key measurements in the supply chain - inventory days of supply, delivery performance, order cycle times, capacity use, etc. Using this information to identify causal relationships to suggest actions in line with the business goals.
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| Performance Measurement Program
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A performance measurement program goes beyond just having performance metrics in place. Typical characteristics of a good performance measurement program include the following
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| Performance Measures
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Indicators of the work performed and the results achieved in an activity, process, or organizational unit. Performance measures should be both non-financial and financial. Performance measures enable periodic comparison and benchmarking. Also see Performance Measurement Program.
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| Period order quantity
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An order method that uses a fixed period of time to calculate order quantities. Period order quantity is generally stated in days and will be compared to the forecast at time of reorder to calculate the appropriate order quantity.
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| Permit
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A grant of authority to operate as a contract carrier.
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| Perpetual Inventory
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An inventory record keeping system where each transaction in and out is recorded and a new balance is computed.
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| Personal Computer (PC)
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An individual unit an operator uses for creating and maintaining programs and files; can often access the mainframe simultaneously.
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| Personal Discrimination
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Charging different rates to shippers with similar transportation characteristics, or, charging similar rates to shippers with differing transportation characteristics.
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| Phantom bill of material
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A fictitious bill of material created for common subassemblies or kits that you do not want to produce as separate items. For example, if you have a number of products that all use the same hardware kit you can create a phantom bill for the hardware kit and then just put the phantom item on the bills for all products that use it. Your mrp system will treat the phantom bill components as though they were part of the bill for the higher level item (rather than treating it as a separate item that needs to be produced). Phantom items never actually exist, they are just a means for simplifying the management of your bills of materials.
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| Physical Distribution
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The movement and storage of finished goods from manufacturing plants to warehouses to customers; used synonymously with business logistics. See Distribution.
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| Physical inventory
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Refers to the process of counting all inventory in a warehouse or plant. Operations are usually shut down during a physical inventory. See physical inventory page at accuracybook.com for more information, also read my article on physical inventories.
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| Physical Supply
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The movement and storage of raw materials from supply sources to the manufacturing facility.
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| Pick List
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A list of items to be picked from stock in order to fill an order; the pick list generation and the picking method can be quite sophisticated.
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| Pick module
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Can describe anything from a large area of a warehouse designated for order picking (such as a multi-level mezzanine picking area) to the individual sections of flow rack or other storage media that make up the picking area. I think the implication here is that a "pick module" somehow has a level of sophistication above that of a "warehouse area used for order picking". It's really just a marketing term used by equipment suppliers and consultants to try to impress their clients.
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| Pick to Light
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A laser identifies the bin for the next item in the rack; when the picker completes the pick, the bar code is scanned and the system then points the laser at the next bin.
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| Pick/Pack
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Picking and packing immediately into shipment containers.
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| Pick-and-pass
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Please refer Zone Picking
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| Picking
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The operations involved in pulling products from storage areas to complete a customer order.
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| Picking by Aisle
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A method by which pickers pick all needed items in an aisle regardless of the items' ultimate destination; the items must be sorted later.
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| Picking by Source
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A method in which pickers successively pick all items going to a particular destination regardless of the aisle in which each item is located.
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| Pick-to-carton
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For parcel shippers, pick-to-carton logic uses item dimensions/weights to select the shipping carton prior to the order picking process. Items are then picked directly into the shipping carton. When picking is complete, dunnage is added and the carton sealed eliminating a formal packing operation. This logic works best when picking/packing products with similar size/weight characteristics. In operations with a very diverse product mix it's much more difficult to get this type of logic to work effectively.
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| Pick-to-clear
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Method often used in warehouse management systems that directs picking to the locations with the smallest quantities on hand.
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| Pick-to-light
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Pick-to light systems consist of lights and LED displays for each pick location. The system uses software to light the next pick and display the quantity to pick. Pick-to-light systems have the advantage of not only increasing accuracy, but also increasing productivity. Since hardware is required for each pick location, pick-to-light systems are easier to cost justify where very high picks per SKU occur. Carton flow rack and horizontal carousels are good applications for pick to light. In batch picking, put-to-light is also incorporated into the cart or rack that holds the cartons or totes that you are picking into. The light will designate which order you should be placing the picked items in. See article on Order Picking, also check out My book on inventory accuracy.
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| Pick-Up Order
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A document indicating the authority to pick up cargo or equipment from a specific location.
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| Piggyback
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Terminology used to describe a truck trailer being transported on a railroad flatcar.
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| Pinwheel
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Please refer Pinwheeling
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| Pinwheeling
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Refers to a method for loading trailers where you alter the direction of every other pallet. Basically you use pinwheeling to load more pallets on a trailer when the depth of the pallet is longer than half the trailer width, but the depth plus the width is less than the trailer width. You can also use it as a productivity/space utilization compromise or to reduce load shifting when loading pallets where the depth of the pallet is less than half the trailer width. See article on trailer loading techniques.
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| Place Utility
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A value that logistics creates in a product by changing the product's location. Transportation creates place utility.
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| Plan-Do-Check-Action (PDCA)
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In quality management, a four-step process for quality improvement. In the first step (plan), a plan to affect improvement is developed. In the second step (do), the plan is carried out, preferably on a small scale. In the third step (check), the effects of the plan are observed. In the last step (action), the results are studied to determine what was learned and what can be predicted. The plan-do-check-act cycle is sometimes referred to as the Shewhart cycle (Walter A. Shewhart discussed the concept in his book Statistical Method from the Viewpoint of Quality Control) and as the Deming circle (W. Edwards Deming introduced the concept in Japan; the Japanese subsequently called it the Deming circle).
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| Planned Date
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The date an operation such as a receipt, shipment, or delivery of an order is planned to occur.
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| Planned Order
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In DRP and MRP systems, a future order the system plans in response to forecasted demand.
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| Planned order
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Term used within MRP and DRP systems for system-generated planned order quantities. Planned orders only exist within the computer system and serve multiple functions. One function is to notify the materials/planner or buyer to produce or order materials, which is done by converting a planned order into an purchase order, shop order, or transfer order. Another function is used by the MRP or DRP system to show demand which is used by subsequent MRP and DRP programs to generate additional planned orders. (MRP/DRP systems sometimes run several programs in a specific sequence to generate all planned orders, one program may convert forecasts or customer orders into planned orders which creates the demand the next program uses this demand to create additional planned orders).
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| Planning bill
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Please refer Planning bill of material
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| Planning bill of material
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A fictitious bill of material used to group options of a family of products. For example, you may have a line of notebook computers whereby most of the components are the same, but some will have different hard drives, processors, memory, etc. Rather than creating separate bills for each possible combination and then forecasting each possible combination, you create one large planning bill that contains all possible components but uses the "quantity per" to manage the options. If you expect half of the computers to have 40 gb drives, 25% to have 60gb drives, and 25% to have 80 gb drives, you would set up each drive on the bill and use 0.50, 0.25, and 0.25 respectively as the quantity per. You would then proceed to do the same for all other options. Your higher level forecast would be for the total demand for all computers in this family. Planning bills are sometimes referred to as super bills or pseudo bills.
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| Plant Finished Goods
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Finished goods inventory held at the end manufacturing location.
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| PLC
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Programmable logic controller. Computerized device used to control functions of machines. Plcs are used in automation of manufacturing equipment and material handling equipment such as automated conveyor systems.
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| Plugging
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Plugging is used with electric industrial vehicles to reduce speed, stop, or change direction, without using the brake. Most commonly used with vehicles with hand throttles such as motorized pallet trucks and order selectors, the operator simply switches between forward and reverse to control speed. Though this sounds like something you shouldn't be doing, many electric trucks are designed to allow for this.
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| PM
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Particulate matter
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| PO
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Please refer Purchase Order.
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| POD
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Please refer Proof of Delivery.
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| Point of Sale Information (POS)
|
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Price and quantity data from the retail location as sales transactions occur.
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| Point of Use Delivery
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Delivery right to the production floor of an item.
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| Poka Yoke (mistake proof)
|
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The application of simple techniques that prevent process quality failure. A mechanism that either prevents a mistake from being made or makes the mistake obvious at a glance.
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| Police Powers
|
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The United States' constitutionally granted right for the states to establish regulations to protect their citizens' health and welfare; truck weight; speed, length, and height laws are examples.
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| Pooling
|
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A shipping term for the practice of combining shipment from multiple shippers into a truckload in order to reduce shipping charges.
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| Pop-up sorter
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Sorting equipment integrated into conveyor to move materials off of conveyor at fixed points. Pop-up sorters are installed in fixed positions and may consist of a series of wheel or small belts that are normally located slightly below the conveyor rollers. The wheels or belts are momentarily raised (pop up) to enable diverting materials off of the conveyor.
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| Port
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A harbor where ships will anchor.
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| Port Authority
|
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A state or local government that owns, operates, or otherwise provides wharf, dock, and other terminal investments at ports.
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| Port of Discharge
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Port where vessel is off loaded.
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| Port of Entry
|
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A port at which foreign goods are admitted into the receiving country.
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| Port of Loading
|
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Port where cargo is loaded aboard the vessel.
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| Portal
|
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A web site that serves as a starting point to other destinations or activities on the Internet. Initially thought of as a home base-type of web page, portals attempt to provide all Internet needs in one location. Portals commonly provide services such as e-mail, online chat forums, shopping, searching, content, and news feeds.
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| POS
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Point of Shipment, or Point of Sale
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| Possession Utility
|
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The value created by marketing's effort to increase the desire to possess a good or benefit from a service.
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| Postponement
|
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The delay of final activities (i.e., assembly, production, packaging, etc.) until the latest possible time. A strategy used to eliminate excess inventory in the form of finished goods which may be packaged in a variety of configurations.
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| Postponement
|
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A Manufacturing / Distribution strategy where specific operations associated with a product are delayed until just prior to shipping. Storing product in a generic state and then applying custom labels or packaging before shipping is an example of postponement.
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| Powered industrial truck
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According to OSHA, a "powered industrial truck is defined as a mobile, power-driven vehicle used to carry, push, pull, lift, stack, or tier material". Pretty much covers any type of lift truck as well as vehicles used to tow materials. See Lift Truck
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| Pre-Expediting
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The function of following up on open orders before the scheduled delivery date to ensure the timely delivery of materials in the specified quantity.
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| Prepaid
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A freight term which indicates that charges are to be paid by the shipper. Prepaid shipping charges may be added to the customer invoice, or the cost may be bundled into the pricing for the product.
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| Prepaid Freight
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Freight paid by the shipper to the carrier when merchandise is tendered for shipment that is not refundable if the merchandise does not arrive at the intended destination.
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| Present Value
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Today's value of future cash flows, discounted at an appropriate rate.
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| Price Erosion
|
|
What causes old-line executives to break out in a cold sweat? No question about it; traditional business models are threatened by the market efficiencies of B2B. When prices begin to plummet, the margin structures of older industries are also threatened.
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| Primary Manufacturing Strategy
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Your company's dominant manufacturing strategy. The primary manufacturing strategy generally accounts for 80-plus % of a company's product volume. According to a study by Pittiglio Rabin Todd & McGrath (PRTM), approximately 73% of all companies use a make-to-stock strategy.
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| Primary-Business Test
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A test the ICC uses to determine if a trucking operation is bona fide private transportation; the private trucking operation must be incidental to and in the futherance of the firm's primary business.
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| Private Carrier
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A carrier that provides transportation service to the firm that owns or leases the vehicles and does not charge a fee. Private motor carriers may haul at a fee for wholly owned subsidiaries.
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| Private Label
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Products that are designed, produced, controlled by, and which carry the name of the store or a name owned by the store; also known as a store brand or dealer brand. An example would be Wal-Mart's "Sam's Choice" products.
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| Private Trucking Fleets
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Private fleets serve the needs of their owners, and do not ordinarily offer commercial trucking services to other customers. Private fleets typically perform distribution or service functions.
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| Private Warehouse
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A company-owned warehouse.
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| Private Warehousing
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The storage of goods in a warehouse owned by the company that has title to the goods.
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| Pro Forma Invoice
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An invoice, forwarded by the seller of goods prior to shipment, that advises the buyer of the particulars and value of the goods. Usually required by the buyer in order to obtain an import permit or letter of credit.
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| Pro Number
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Any progressive or serialized number applied for identification of freight bills, bills of lading, etc.
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| Proactive
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The strategy of understanding issues before they become apparent and presenting the solution as a benefit to the customer, etc.
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| Process
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A series of time-based activities linked to complete a specific output.
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| Process Benchmarking
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Benchmarking a process (such as the pick, pack, and ship process) against organizations know to be the best in class in this process. Process benchmarking is usually conducted on firms outside of the organization's industry.
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| Process Improvement
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A design or activity which improves quality or reduces costs, often through the elimination of waste on non-value-added tasks.
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| Process manufacturing
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Type of manufacturing where a product is produced or transformed through mixing, chemical reactions, etc. Examples of process manufacturing would be refining crude oil into gasoline, extracting copper from ore, combining materials to make paint. Process as opposed to discrete manufacturing. Also see discrete manufacturing.
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| Process Manufacturing
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Production that adds value by mixing, separating, forming, and/or performing chemical reactions. It may be done in a batch, continuous, or mixed batch/continuous mode.
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| Process Yield
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The resulting output from a process. An example would be a quantity of finished product output from manufacturing processes.
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| Procurement
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The business functions of procurement planning, purchasing, inventory control, traffic, receiving, incoming inspection, and salvage operations.
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| Product
|
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Something that has been or is being produced.
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| Product Characteristics
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All of the elements that define a product's character, such as size, shape, weight, etc.
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| Product Description
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The user's description of the product.
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| Product Family
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A group of products with similar characteristics often used in production planning (or sales and operations planning).
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| Product ID
|
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A method of identifying a product without using a full description. These can be different for each document type and must, therefore, be captured and related to the document in which they were used. They must then be related to each other in context (also known as SKU, Item Code or Number, or other such name).
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| Production Capacity
|
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Measure of how much production volume may be experienced over a set period of time.
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| Production Line
|
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A series of pieces of equipment dedicated to the manufacture of a specific number of products or families.
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| Production plan
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Generally used to describe a long-term plan of what will be produced at a family level.
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| Production Planning and Scheduling
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The systems that enable creation of detailed, optimized plans and schedules, taking into account the resource, material, and dependency constraints to meet the deadlines.
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| Production-Related Material
|
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Production-related material is an item classified as a material purchase and included in cost-of-goods sold as a raw material purchase.
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| Productivity
|
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A measure of resource utilization efficiency defined as the sum of the outputs divided by the sum of the inputs.
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| Profit Before Interest and Tax (PBIT)
|
|
The financial profit generated prior to the deduction of taxes and interest due on loans. Also called operating profit.
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| Profit Ratio
|
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The percentage of profit to sales--that is, profit divided by sales.
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| Profitability Analysis
|
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The analysis of profit derived from cost objects with the view to improve or optimize profitability. Multiple views may be analyzed, such as market segment, customer, distribution channel, product families, products, technologies, platforms, regions, manufacturing capacity, etc.
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| Profitable to Promise
|
|
This is effectively a promise to deliver a certain order on agreed upon terms, including price and delivery. Profitable to Promise (PTP) is the logical evolution of Available to Promise (AtP) and Capable to Promise (CTP). While the first two are necessary for profitability, they aren't sufficient. For enterprises to survive in a competitive environment, profit optimization is a vital technology.
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| Pro-forma
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A type of quotation or offer that may be used when first negotiating the sales of goods or services. If the pro-forma is accepted, then the terms and conditions of the pro-forma may become the request.
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| Program generator
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Program generators are software programs that generally provide graphical user interfaces and tools that allow a user to create a program without having to write actual computer code. Currently these programs are more frequently referred to as "development tools" and are usually designed to write code for specific applications such as data-collection programs for portable computers. While a user does not need to be a programmer to use this software, the user does need to have a higher level of technical skills than that of most standard software users. A.k.a. Code generator, development tools
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| Promotion
|
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The act of selling a product at a reduced price, or a buy one/get one free offer, for the purpose of increasing sales.
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| Proof of Delivery (POD)
|
|
Information supplied by the carrier containing the name of the person who signed for the shipment, the time and date of delivery and other shipment delivery-related information. POD is also sometimes used to refer to the process of printing materials just prior to shipment (Print on Demand).
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| Proportional Rate
|
|
A rate lower than the regular rate for shipments that have prior or subsequent moves; used to overcome combination rates' competitive disadvantages.
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| Proprietary
|
|
Used to describe equipment or technologies that do not follow an open standard design that would allow them to easily integrate with other equipment or technologies. Proprietary equipment and technologies are usually patented or otherwise protected making it difficult or impossible for other companies to offer similar or complementary products.
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| Protocol
|
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Communication standards that determine message content and format, enabling uniformity of transmissions.
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| Psuedo bill of material
|
|
Please refer Planning bill of material
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| Public Warehouse
|
|
The warehouse space that is rented or leased by an independent business providing a variety of services for a fee or on a contract basis.
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| Public warehouse
|
|
A business that provides short or long-term storage to a variety of businesses, usually on a month-to-month basis. A public warehouse will generally use their own equipment and staff, however, agreements may be made where the client either buys or subsidizes equipment. Public warehouse fees are usually a combination of storage fees (per pallet or actual sq. Footage) and transaction fees (inbound and outbound). Public warehouses are most often used to supplement space requirements of a private warehouse. Also see contract warehouse and 3pl
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| Public Warehouse receipt
|
|
The basic document a public warehouse manager issues as a receipt for the goods a company gives to the warehouse manager. The receipt can be either negotiable or nonnegotiable.
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| Public Warehousing
|
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The storage of goods by a firm that offers storage service for a fee to the public.
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| Pull or Pull-Through Distribution
|
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Supply chain action initiated by the customer. Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed; manufacturers produced goods and pushed them through the supply chain and the customer had no control. In a pull environment, a customer's purchase sends replenishment information back through the supply chain from retailer to distributor to manufacturer so goods are pulled through the supply chain.
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| Pull Ordering System
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A system in which each warehouse controls its own shipping requirements by placing individual orders for inventory with the central distribution center. A replenishment system where inventory is "pulled" into the supply chain (or "demand chain" by POS systems, or ECR programs). Associated with "build to order" systems.
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| Pull Signal
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A signal from a using operation that triggers the issue of raw material.
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| Purchase order
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A document used to approve, track, and process purchased items. A purchase order is used to communicate a purchase to a supplier. It is also used as an authorization to purchase. A purchase order will state quantities, costs, and delivery dates. The purchase order is also used to process and track receipts and supplier invoices/payments associated with the purchase..
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| Purchase Order (PO)
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The purchaser's authorization used to formalize a purchase transaction with a supplier. The physical form or electronic transaction a buyer uses when placing an order for merchandise.
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| Purchase Price Discount
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A pricing structure in which the seller offers a lower price if the buyer purchases a larger quantity.
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| Purchasing
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The functions associated with buying the goods and services the firm requires.
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| Pure Raw Material
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A raw material that does not lose weight in processing.
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| Push Distribution
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The process of building product and pushing it into the distribution channel without receiving any information regarding requirements.
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| Push Ordering System
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A situation in which a firm makes inventory deployment decisions at the central distribution center and ships to its individual warehouses accordingly.
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| Push sorter
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A very simple fixed-position sorting device used with conveyor systems. A push sorter may use a swinging arm or a simple piston-type pushing device to push materials across the conveyor.
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| Push Technology
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Web casting (push technology) is the prearranged updating of news, weather, or other selected information on a computer user's desktop interface through periodic and generally unobtrusive transmission over the World Wide Web (including the use of the web protocol on intranet). Web casting uses so-called push technology in which the web server ostensibly pushes information to the user rather than waiting until the user specifically requests it.
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| Push-back rack
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Racking system that incorporates a carriage or other sliding device to allow you to feed multiple pallets into the same location "pushing back" the previous pallet. Also see racking pics page.
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| Put Away
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Removing the material from the dock (or other location of receipt), transporting the material to a storage area, placing that material in a staging area, and then moving it to a specific location and recording the movement and identification of the location where the material has been place.
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| Put-to-light
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Technology similar to pick-to-light, however, the light modules are used do direct which tote, bin, or carton, the item is to be picked into, rather than directing which locations to pick from.
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